What is wavefront distortion?

Wavefront distortion refers to the distortion of light waves as they pass through an optical system, such as a lens or a mirror. The wavefront of the light waves becomes distorted after passing through optical components, causing changes in the phase and amplitude of the light, which in turn affects the image quality.
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Wavefront distortion can be divided into two types: spherical aberration and aberration. Spherical aberration occurs when light waves pass through curved optical components, such as a spherical lens, and the different positions of the light rays are refracted or reflected to different locations. This results in differences in the imaging positions of the light waves at different positions on the image plane, causing spherical aberration.

Aberration refers to the loss of image quality caused by incomplete ideal focusing or beam divergence of light rays through an optical system. Common types of aberration include spherical aberration, chromatic aberration, and coma. Spherical aberration is caused by differences in the focusing positions of light rays at different heights as they pass through a lens or mirror. Chromatic aberration is caused by the different refractive indices of light of different wavelengths in a lens or mirror, resulting in dispersion. Coma is caused by the change in imaging position of light rays from a point source in the object space after passing through a lens or mirror, resulting in image displacement.

Wavefront distortion can lead to image blurring, distortion, or a decrease in image quality. In the design and adjustment of optical systems, corrective measures are often taken to reduce or eliminate wavefront distortion in order to improve the quality and accuracy of imaging.

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